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The Theopetra Cave was the first cave in Thessaly to have been
archaeologically excavated and also the only one in Greece
The Theopetra Cave is an archaeological site situated in Meteora, in the central Greek region of Thessaly. As a result of the archaeological excavations that have taken place over the years, it has been revealed that the Theopetra cave was inhabited by human beings as early as 130,000 years ago.
In
addition, evidence of human habitation in the Theopetra Cave can be
dated without interruption from the Middle Palaeolithic to the end of the
Neolithic period.
This
is significant, as it allows archaeologists to have a better understanding of
the prehistoric period in Greece.
exсаⱱаtіoпѕ at the Theopetra cave began in 1987 under the direction of N. Kyparissi-Apostolika.
The Theopetra Cave is located on the north-eastern slope of a
limestone hill, some 100 m (330 feet above the valley), overlooking the remote
village of Theopetra, and the river Lethaios, a tributary of the Pineios River,
flows nearby.
According to geologists, the limestone hill was formed
between 137 and 65 million years ago, corresponding to the Upper Cretaceous
period. Based on archaeological evidence, human beings have only
begun to occupy the cave during the Middle Palaeolithic period, i.e. around
130,000 years ago.
The
cave itself has been described as roughly quadrilateral in shape with паггow
niches on its edge and covers an area of around 500 sq meters (5380 sq. ft).
The Theopetra Cave has a wide aperture, which enables the light to penetrate
easily into the interior of the cave.
The archaeological
excavation of the Theopetra Cave began in 1987 and continued up until 2007.
This project was directed by Dr Nina Kyparissi-Apostolika, who served as the
һeаd of the Ephorate of Palaeoanthropology and Speleography when the excavations
were being carried oᴜt.
It
may be mentioned that when the archaeological work was first conducted, the
Theopetra Cave was being used by local shepherds as a temporary shelter in
which they would keep their flocks.
It may be added that
the Theopetra Cave was the first cave in Thessaly to have been archaeologically
excavations, and also the only one in Greece to have a continuous sequence of
deposits from the Middle Palaeolithic to the end of the Neolithic period. This
is significant, as it has allowed archaeologists to again a better understanding
of the transition from the Palaeolithic to the Neolithic way of life in
mainland Greece.
Several
interesting discoveries have been made through the archaeological study of the
Theopetra Cave. One of these, for instance, pertains to the climate in the area
when the cave was being occupied.
By
conducting micro-morphological analysis on the sediment samples collected from
each archaeological layer, archaeologists were able to determine that there had
been hot and cold spells during the cave’s occupation. As a result of these
changes in the climate, the cave’s population also fluctuated accordingly.
Another
fascinating find from the Theopetra Cave is the remains of a stone wall that
once partially closed off the entrance of the cave. These remains were
discovered in 2010 and using a relatively new method of dating known as
Optically Stimulated Luminescence, scientists were able to date this wall to
around 23000 years old.
The
age of this wall, which coincides with the last glacial age, has led
researchers to suggest that the wall had been built by the inhabitants of the
cave to protect them from the cold outside. It has been claimed that this is
the oldest known man-made structure in Greece, and possibly even in the world.
A year before this incredible
discovery was made, it was announced that a trait of at least three hominid
footprints that were imprinted onto the cave’s soft earthen floor had been
uncovered.
Based on the shape and size of the
footprints, it has been speculated that they were made by several Neanderthal
children, aged between two and four years old, who had lived in the cave during
the Middle Palaeolithic period.
In 2009, the Theopetra Cave was
officially opened to the public, though it was closed temporarily a year later,
as the remains of the stone wall were discovered that year. Although the
archaeological site was later re-opened, it was closed once again in 2016 and
remains so due to safety reasons, i.e. the risk of landslides occurring.
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